Essay On Smoking - 1808 Words

Introduction Each year, many Americans across our country die from tobacco use. Statistics show about 480,000 people in the United States die from tobacco related illnesses. Meaning, one out of five deaths are from smoking. Today, Americans are killed more from cigarette smoking than from alcohol, car accidents, HIV, guns, and even illegal drugs combined. Smoking tobacco does not only cause a person to develop cancer, it can also damage almost all the organ systems in the body. These include the lungs, heart, blood vessels, reproductive organs, mouth, skin, and eyes. Despite the increased health risk of smoking, there are ways to prevent them when choosing to quit. Throughout this reading, one will learn about each health risk from†¦show more content†¦These can be formed either directly or secondarily because of the induction of enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase, in the host (Rahman et al. 2002) (pg. 550). However, despite cigarette smoke being thought of a more aggressive substance, cigarette smoke does possess surprisingly suppressive chemicals via its oxidants, carbon dioxide, and nicotine. It causes the immune system to be slower and limits its ability to act in the case of infection. Nicotine - Has very compelling evidence that it harms the immune system. Acrolein - Acrolein is a very reactive chemical that has very potent suppressive effects on immune cells throughout the body. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Cigarette smoke contains Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons which is one of many chemicals within smoke that irritates and suppresses the immune system, harming its ability to fight disease. Carbon Monoxide - In comparison to other chemicals, cigarette smoke is a large percentage carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide can cause headaches, vomiting and nausea. Universally known to be lethal in high concentrations. Lung Cancer and Other Cancers Researchers today, have studied that since the 1960’s, a smoker’s chance of developing lung cancer or COPD compared to a nonsmoker have increased (National Cancer Institute, 2014, p. 1). According to the American Cancer Society (2015), 30% of fatalities in the United States are from cancer, including 80% from lung cancer (p. 1).Show MoreRelatedEssay Smoking Tobacco Smoking811 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco Smoking among the Students of Puntod National High School: A Basis for Preventative Measure To Deter Student from Smoking ï » ¿CHAPTER 1 The Problem Introduction The use of tobacco is not a recent phenomenon. It has been said that tobacco plants have grown in North and South America since 6,000 B.C.1. It was also believed that tobacco had many healing qualities which made its use widespread2. In the 17th... Premium 14136 Words 57 Pages Smoking Tobacco smoking FromRead MoreSmoking Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking has a very progressive history, which is important in understanding the social aspect of the behavior. In the early 1500s, Christopher Columbus brought the tobacco leaves of the America’s to Europe. From there, the world found a great love for tobacco, making it a crop of great commodity and thus crating more demand for slave labor at the time. After the Civil War, smoking continued to be a popular commodity, even through World War II where a General reported cigarette rations being equallyRead MoreEssay on Smoking1092 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking In the year 1973, 11 years prior to my birth, my grandfather made one of the most important decisions in his life. In the cold wind of March, my grandfather stood outside of Coon Rapids Bayard High School and smoked his last cigarette. That fall my mom and her sister Eileen had made a deal with my Grandpa that if their team made it to the Iowa Girl’s State Basketball Tournament he would give up his addiction to nicotine. This addiction to nicotine had haunted him since his days asRead MoreSmoking Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesdeath. A few years ago, my aunt fell terribly ill. Partly because she had been smoking her entire life. Unfortunately, my aunt passed away shortly after. Cigarettes can kill so why are they still legal? There is really no way to know. Except for the profit. Which is sick its killing people for money, it’s practically paying people to kill you, a slow and painful death. We should completely get rid of cigarettes. Smoking causes a lot of different problems ones of these problems are the many diseasesRead MoreSmoking Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking cigarettes could affect your life drastically but, imagine what could happen to the other people around you. Harmful smoke can cause second hand smoking to the ones around you whether its loved ones, friends or just a regular person. Although smoking could be hard for others to quit, it’s a desperate call to stop because cigarettes cause underlying diseases. It has been scientifically proven that the highest number causes of a persons death is due to smoking if they do consumeRead MoreSmoking Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking is known as the leading cause of death in the United States with over 480,000 deaths each year. Due to smoking increasing the risks of dying from several other diseases the total number of deaths that can be attributed to smoking is about 540,000. According to Lecture, the problem exists in soci ety with about 23% of U.S. adults smoking. The highest rates are found in American Indians and Alaska Natives with the lowest being Asians. Smoking is known as public health enemy number one. SmokingRead MoreSmoking Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Quit Smoking The smoking problem has become quite prevalent in our society. Several governments have had problems dealing with a huge healthcare burden due to diseases and conditions brought about by smoking. At the same time, individuals suffer several addictive and health issues due to smoking. While this information may be apparent to most of the smokers, studies have found that quitting a smoking habit is quite a challenge. The reason behind such challenge is attributed to Nicotine. NicotineRead MoreEffects Of Smoking Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Smoking has become a usual thing in our culture of recent. A person with a cigarette, E-Cigarette, Hookahs and Weed Cigarettes has become the norm in our society: we can see them on the streets, actors smoke in movies, there are also book characters who smoke, we have relatives, friends or someone we look up to who smoke. Starting as mainly as a part of a religious ritual a long time ago, smoking has become a routine thing for us in recent times, not giving thoughts to the many effectsRead MoreSmoking Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking ï  ¶ What do we mean by smoking? Smoking is a type of action in which cigarettes are burned to breathe the smoke. This smoke is made by burning tobacco encased in cigarettes. ï  ¶ Why people smoke? Most people start smoking when they are in their teens and keep smoking till they are adults. Stop smoking habit is very difficult to break down because smoking is a strong addiction. Smoking can be divided in two different ways. People can smoke casually, this means the act is done to relax and relieveRead MoreSmoking Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesJerry Thomas Professor Michaud Comp amp; Lit 101 December 13, 2010 Ban Smoking The human body is made up of all different organs that are essential to our living being. Taking care of these organs is vital to maintaining our health. One of our most important organs is the lungs. The lungs are used to take in oxygen from the air and help us make blood cells in the body. Keeping the lungs healthy is necessary to keeping your breathing and blood healthy. There are many things that keep

The Holocaust Terrible Brutality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 777 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The dreaded moments has come; there is no escape. We are in the hands of the SS. The process of our ‘liquidation’ has begun.† Livia Bitton-Jackson describes the hardships faced while growing up in the Holocaust in her autobiography, I Have Lived a Thousand Years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holocaust: Terrible Brutality" essay for you Create order Similarly, Sarah Helm’s researches the experiments performed on women in Ravensbruck in her excerpt, Rabbits, from the book Ravensbruck. Provided to us by the historical documents website, AlphaHistory.com, the hardships of the Holocaust victims are discussed in the articles, Survivor of The Majdanek Concentration Camp (Survivor) and Eyewitness Account of the Belzec Gassing (Eyewitness). The book, Band of Brother by Stephen E. Ambrose, also discusses the brutal beating towards inmates. These selections display the multiple instances of brutality of the Holocaust. One hardship the prisoners endured was being â€Å"guinea pigs† for experiments. In the excerpt Rabbits from the selection Ravensbruck by Sarah Helms, she does extensive research about the women taken in for gangrene experiments. â€Å"They can see their own wounds for the first time, and each stares in disbelief at the swollen lumps of flesh and the incisions on the tibia, so deep they can see bone. One woman pulls out a piece of glass, another a wooden splinter two inches long† (Helms 217). Helms provides us with a small portion of the morbid exercises performed on Holocaust victims. A second selection that presents us another fragment of these experiments is Eyewitness from the historical document website AlphaHistory.com. They provide us with an eyewitness report from a Holocaust SS Lieutenant who had a front row view of prisoners being gassed and killed by Diesel Fume poisoning, â€Å"The dead were standing upright like basalt pillars, pressed together in the cham bers. There would not have been room to fall down or even bend over† (Gerstein). Diesel Fume poisoning was a popular way to kill large groups at a time. Kurt Gerstein, the observer, was using a stopwatch to test how long it took to kill the bunch. He gave his testimony to allied authorities a few days after the war ended. Another hardship that prisoners experienced was the poverish food supply within the concentration camps. The prisoners would have little to no food, and on occasion they would go days as a punishment. In the autobiography, I Have Lived a Thousand Years by the earlier prisoner of Auschwitz, Bitton-Jackson, recalls her unbearable food experiences. â€Å"As it stood for hours in the sun, it became putrefied and alive with worms. I noticed a long, white worm wriggling in Mommy’s spoon as she lifted it to her mouth† (Bitton-Jackson 102). Here, Bitton-Jackson tells us about an instance when the Camp cared so little about the condition of the food, they allowed it to grow worms then fed it to the prisoners with no mercy. Another source that expresses the deficient food quality was within the historical selection Band of Brothers, written by Stephen E. Ambrose. Ambrose writes of allied soldiers going to one of the nearby concentration camps in Germany and witnessed thousands of men, all crippled with sicknesses and weaknesses, â€Å"Prisoners in their striped pajamas, three-quarters starved, by the thousands; corpses, little more than skeletons, by the hundreds† (Band of Brothers 262). Winters, the man in charge, orders stored blocks of cheese to be distributed among the prisoners. A final hardship faced among the prisoners of the Holocaust was the brutal beatings. The prisoners would have stones thrown at their heads and kicked at the ribs just to be shown the levels of power above them. In AlphaHistory.com’s excerpt Survivor, Pfeffer, one of the survivors of the Majdanek concentration camps recalls his perspective of the punishments and torture of Jewish inmates. He reports, â€Å"During work the SS men beat up prisoners mercilessly, inhumanly and for no reason†¦ The victim screamed only after the first blows, afterwards he fell unconscious and the SS man then kicked at the ribs, the face, at the most sensitive part of a man’s body† (Pfeffer). These situations are only a small portion of the torture the inmates went through. Pfeffer discusses punishments such as the ‘boxing sack’, and a tool called the ‘heavy boot’. Throughout the many details given of the brutal and miserable life of Holocaust inmates, these are not all that occured. Other brutalities these inmates went through included cases such as terrible living quarters, hard labor, and the frequent deaths caused by being shot or starved. The Holocaust is one of the most inhumane and gruesome events to ever happen in the history of the world. We talk and remind ourselves of this tragedy so we dont make the same mistake twice.

Montessori Sensitive Periods - 1559 Words

A sensitive period refers to â€Å"a special sensibility which a creature acquires in its infantile state (Montessori, 1966, p.38). Such sensitive periods were first discovered in insects by the Dutch scientist Hugo de Vries, but according to Montessori, can also be found in children and are very important to consider in teaching. Each sensitive period is a transient disposition and is limited to the acquisition of a particular trait (Montessori, 1966, p.38). Once the sensitive period is over, the sensibility disappears due to the fact that the development of the brain has progressed past the point at which specific information is absorbed. According to Montessori, during a sensitive period it is very easy for the child to acquire certain†¦show more content†¦They become aware that they are part of a community (for instance their nursery or playgroup) and he or she attempts to learn manners and serve others as well as himself. Such social interest is shown initially as observation, but later develops into a need for more active contact with peers. According to Montessori, it is vitally important to support and facilitate these periods during the childs first stage of development. If the child is prevented from following the innate desire of any given sensitive period, a disturbing effect could result on both psychic development and maturity. The child must be assisted through the sensitive periods. The adult must assist the child by providing a suitable environment. Montessori believed 2 conditions were necessary for a childs psychic growth to occur. Firstly the child is dependent upon a close relationship with their environment, both the things and the people within it. Secondly, the child needs freedom. Without these conditions being met, the psychic life of a child will not reach its potential and the childs personality will be stunted. In the words of Montessori, for the children who have met with severe obstacles during this period, deviations of personality may ensue (Montessori, 1988, p.178). Adverse consequences of not recognizing and supporting the childs sensitivities may therefore result. The role of a Montessori teacher is to ensure that the materials in the prepared environmentShow MoreRelatedSensitive Period to Order - Montessori1167 Words   |  5 Pagesthe child’s sensitive period for order. I will explain how it is catered for in the classroom, referring to materials and activities. Sensitive Periods The Sensitive Periods are the best times for a child to learn a specific skill and are critical to the child’s self development. The child has this inner urge to undertake the task in order to live. Although, once this period passes it is possible for the child to learn the new skill but with much more difficulty. A sensitive period that is preventedRead MoreMontessori - What Are the Six Sensitive Periods?1777 Words   |  8 PagesWhat are the 6 sensitive periods? Write 7 to 8 lines on each of them? The Sensitive Periods in a child’s life was Dr. Maria Montessori’s greatest discovery. Though it was first discovered by a Dutch Scientist, Hugo de Vries, it was on animals, but Dr. Maria Montessori found the existence of this period in children too. The term â€Å"Sensitive Period† is used for a specific period of a child’s mental growth, during which the different sensibilities enable him to choose from a complex environment whatRead MoreThe Sensitive Periods - Montessori1806 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will briefly discuss the notion of ‘sensitive periods in development,’ as introduced by Hugo de Vries and researched by Maria Montessori. It will further list Montessori’s explanation of the sensitive periods and their importance in a child between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Two examples will be discussed through personal reflection to demonstrate the author’s understanding of these periods. Many theorists such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Freud and Erikson have examined the idea that everyRead MoreMontessori Sensitive Periods2223 Words   |  9 Pagescover the sensitive periods and I will link them to the child’s first stage of development. I will also go over each sensitive period in full and give examples of my own experiences for each of them. I will also give explanations as to why it is important for us as adults to support and facilitate the sensitive periods and also what will happen if they are not recognised or supported at the right time. I am then also going to explain how the adults understanding of the sensitive periods and child’sRead MoreMontessoris Sensitive Periods and Their Effect on Child Development2292 Words   |  10 Pages | | | |Define the term sensitive periods and give full details of the six main periods, together with examples to show your understanding. (6 x 5) - ie 30 marks in| |total Read MoreThe Period Of The Absorbent Mind Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesHuman beings are nature’s most incredible creation, and early childhood is the crucial period, where the foundation for his/her future is going to be established. The period of the Absorbent Mind (Birth to Six years) along with the Sensitive periods, plays a significant part in the development of movement, language and social skills of the child. During the first three years of life, the child’s mind is unconscious and purely absorbent. He/She has the ability to imbibe whatever happens in the environmentRead MoreModern Education : Is There A Choice?2524 Words   |  11 Pagesinstructed. (Leonard, 86) Maria Montessori believed that children absorb their environment making it a part of their souls, unlike adults who â€Å"admire their environment,† (Montessori, 62). This is a time in which the child incarnates in himself all that he sees, feels and hears. He is, in essence, transformed by the world around him. The newborn child begins life in a postnatal embryonic state, a period of constructive activity she referred to as the â€Å"formative period† which made â€Å"the baby into a kindRead MoreThe Importance Of A Well Prepared Environment1488 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Montessori inadvertently created an alternative to traditional schooling. She did this by allowing her pupils the opportunity to learn through action rather than repetition. Montessori had five main principles: respect for the child, sensitive periods, the prepared environment, auto-education, and the teacher’s role. In this paper I will discuss the prepared environment thoroughly and how a well prepared environment can positively affect each student in the 3-6 classroom. I will, in reflectionRead MoreThe influence of the Absorbent Mind, and the Sensitive Periods on the childs development of movement, language and social skills.1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Absorbent Mind and the Sensitive period and illustrate the influence of these periods on the child s development of movement, language and social skills. A child in his absorbent mind develops his movement, his language and social skills by soaking knowledge. He takes steps in different sensitive period and repeats his movements, words or social skill actions to improve and to perfect his movement, language and social skills. The Absorbent Mind: Dr. Maria Montessori uses the term Absorbent MindRead MoreDifferent Stages Of Development Children Go Through Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Sensitive Periods Have you ever wondered how many times a child can repeat an activity or a song or an action without getting bored? When I was working as an assistance teacher at our school, even I used to get questions from parents about why children are repetitive in some things at certain stages. These types of questions will be answered if we all understand the concepts explained by Dr. Maria Montessori regarding different stages of development children go through. Maria Montessori believed

The Bill of Rights Amendments - 984 Words

The United States constitution has an amendment process that has been included in the Bill of Rights. The amendment allows Americans to make changes to the September 17, 1789 United States Constitution, that was ratified and made law (Zink 450).. The amendment process has made it possible for the constitution to change moderately, than being overhauled, and it has been changed to adhere to the current times and changes. The Second Amendment to the US constitution is part of the Bill of Rights that guarantees all American citizens the right to keep and bear arms. This amendment gives citizens right to own a firearm. The right to bear arms and gun control is the most controversial amendment that has raised heated debate, among Americans.†¦show more content†¦American citizens have been given a right to firearms, and this right should not be infringed. Opponents of this right to firearms argue that, citizens should not be allowed the right to firearms. Their main reason is that , it will help curb violence cases by guns. This has been challenged because; criminals will still acquire firearms illegally and continue terrorizing citizens because, they are fully aware that, they are not armed. Moreover, according to Winkler (89), â€Å"Guns do not kill people; it is people who kill people,† and so, denying citizens the right to own guns will not stop any violence. Likewise, the society will not be safe as there will be an increase in violence and criminal activities because the citizens have no firearms to defend themselves. Furthermore, opponents on gun restrictions argue that, the government should not control gun ownership to the extreme, but give them freedom town guns since it is their constitutional right. They argue that, gun control does not help reduce crimes; instead, gun related crimes will likely go up. According to them, criminals to steal and even murder will target helpless citizens without firearm. However, if they are allowed to use guns, this will be the most effective way of self-defense (Carter 102). Therefore, all citizensShow MoreRelatedBill of Rights and Amendments1353 Words   |  6 PagesBill of Rights and Amendments Bill of Rights and Amendments The United States Constitution was recognized to Americans as a vague statement in clarifying the privileges and the rights of individuals and centralizing the power within the government itself. With the passing of the Bill of Rights and the first ten amendments, it grants the people to what is said to be their â€Å"natural rights† following additional rights that have significantly changed our society. Amendments and Constitution Read MoreThe Amendment Of The Bill Of Rights1185 Words   |  5 PagesAn important provision of the Bill of Rights is the protection of freedom to publish, as provided by the First Amendment. This protection applies to all kinds of publications, even those that print unpopular opinions. In most censorship cases, every attempt is made to suppress the written word after publication, not before. Minnesota passed a law in 1925 that sought to prevent newspapers, magazines, and other publications from printing obscene, malicious, scandalous and defamatory material. ThisRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Bill Of Rights933 Words   |  4 Pagescommit actions unless they are considered lawful; no one is above the law. This can create conflict with our constitutional amendments, because the law can revoke our civil freedoms. Kathleen Ann Ruane, Legislative Attorney, acknowledges that there are exceptions on the first amendment of the Bill of Rights. Ruane notes that some forms of speech are not protected under this right such as obscenity, child pornography, and threats. We need these laws to keep our nation under control and safe; even ifRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it was necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution in 1789 was draftedRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it w as necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution in 1789 was draftedRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2572 Words   |  11 Pages1 . Introduction In 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it was necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution inRead MoreThe Fifth Amendment and The Bill of Rights654 Words   |  3 Pagesarea at the time of the murder, he or she has the right to remain silent in order to protect him or herself from self-incrimination, a clause in the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment upholds the rights of United States citizens against government prosecution. Introduced to the Bill of Rights in 1789, the Fifth Amendment is a noteworthy amendment both during the past and in today’s world. The Fifth Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was proposed by James Madison, providing a wayRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights And The Amendment Of The Constitution962 Words   |  4 Pagesincluded the Bill of rights that provided us with Freedom (Schweikart, 2004). The bill of rights was established so each citizen is equally treated and allowed to share their idea and not be disgraced for it (Bodenhamer, 1993). The first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States established basic American civil liberties (Schweikart, 2004). The Bill of rights and the amendments of the constitution were written about the same time by the same people. The Bill of Rights and amendments both focusedRead MoreThe Role Of The Amendments And The Bill Of Rights1242 Words   |  5 PagesUnited Kingdom. The Constitution and the Amendments are the basis for the criminal system in this country and the procedures for the courts and the law enforcement community. In this essay, the rol e of the amendments and the Bill of Rights will be examined as they relate to the court system and the criminal justice system as a whole. One of the significant amendments in criminal policy is the Fourth Amendment. The documents notable components are; the right to be free from unreasonable searches andRead MoreUs Bill of Rights First Amendment1740 Words   |  7 PagesMary Cathleen ThomasUnited States GovernmentGovt-2305-54245Jinnell Killingsworth | U.S. Bill of Rights | â€Å"Amendment I† | | | 2/19/2011 | | â€Å"The First Amendment† In the beginning, our founding fathers where working on drafting a formal Constitution for our newly formed country. The representatives for some of the newly formed states, worried about the current draft of the Constitution. Many of the states and there representatives, had concerns about the wording of the current

The Childhood World of Jem free essay sample

The children used their creative imagination which is a significant feature of child to interpret and make sense of Boo Radley. Although he only begins as a figure of ‘scary monster’ in the children’s imagination, their unique relationship changes as the outside world start to interup with the children’s innocence. Dill, a seven year old boy who comes from Mississipi in the summer is an important plot link between Jem and Scout with Boo Radley. Being an outsider, Dill have the curiosity of the ‘moster’ Boo that Jem and Scout wouldn’t have because they were grown up with it and it was a social rule in Maycomb not to get close to Boo which doesn’t apply to the outsider Dill. The children start to be interested at Boo, they play games about Boo such as Dill trying to get boo to come out of the house, or looking trough the window of the Radley’s place to have a sense of Boo even though Atticus had told them constantly to stay away from the Radley’s are childish, innocent way of seeing themselves if the legend of Boo is real. We will write a custom essay sample on The Childhood World of Jem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Latter on Jem ‘invented’ a game of role play and the polt was the story of Boo, after they been told off by Atticus Jem still tries to play the game in a way that Atticus wouldn’t trough it’s about Boo. The children’s relationship with Boo becomes a fun game they could play with in their free time, and presented this relationship in a childish way being part of their innocence world. Children’s world are often full of unexpected magics that they could never explain. In the little county of Maycomb which doesn’t have much cash a gum found in the tree hole when passing by on the way home could be a very good surprise for the children. Jem and scout found a ball of gray twine, a double-mint gum, an old spelling medal, an old watch on a chain with aluminum knife and a pair of soap figures of Jem and Scout shows that Boo had been watching the children for a long time. Unfortunately when Jem decided to write a letter saying thanks to whoever sent them such nice things, the tree hole was filled with cement the next morning by Mr Radley who must had noticed something Boo was doing and told the children the tree was ‘sick’. Boo is the ‘guardien angle’ of the children, protests and looks after them. When Miss Maudie’s house sets on fire, Scout and Jem were standing outside of the Radley’s place and didn’t notice until Atticus asked Scout why there was a blanket on her shoulders. Latter on in the story, the children was attacked by Bob Ewell in the woods, it was Boo protected them and sent Jem who was injured back to the house. Until then, Scout knows Boo isn’t that ‘scary monster’, he is the one just a bit different from the others and been treated so unusually along with all the nasty myths about him made him seems to be strange. She now understands how prejudice could affect on your view and you cannot judge someone ‘until you climb indie of his skin and walk around in it’

Comparison of Growth Rates Between US and China

Question: Discuss about theComparison of Growth Rates Between US and China. Answer: Introduction This write-up shall focus on the economies of the Unites States of America and China. The economies of these two nations have been termed as the strongest in the world. The United States has been the largest economy of the world boasting of about 22% of the global GDP. However, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has ranked China ahead of the US. Literature review suggests that the makeups of the two nations economies are totally different. The United States is a refined and highly varied economy that focuses on services, finance, and consumption. China has aspirations to attain the characteristics of the US economy in the future, but at the moment, the Chinese economy is characterized by the countrys manufacture with policies having been adopted to transition into a consumer-driven economy. In this write-up, the growth rates of the two nations for the past ten years shall be presented and possible reasons for the variations in growth shall be discussed. Further, the trade structures, exports, economic policies, fiscal policies, monetary policies, and the exchange rate policies of the two countries, which in the long-run have a direct impact on the respective countries growth rate, shall also be summarily analyzed. Finally, the challenges faced by the two nations in enhancing growth rates for the stated period shall be discussed. US Growth Rate Information on the growth rate of the United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be sourced from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The BEA produces quarterly releases of economic statistics that comprehensively provide an up-to-date presentation of the status of the US economy. The figure below represents the yearly growth rate between 31st December 2016 and 30th June 2016 as represented by Voudrie (2015): Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 % Growth 1.8 -0.3 -2.8 2.5 1.6 2.3 2.2 2.4 3.00 2.44 Table 1.1: Percentage yearly growth rate Analysts argue that the worlds leading economies have been experiencing stagnated or relatively reduced growth rates. The US economy has itself been steadily declining from a growth rate of over 4 percent in the 1950s to below 2 percent in the last decade At a glance, from the table above, the annual growth rate can be estimated at 1.5 percent. Voudrie (2015) argues that even though the financial crisis of 2008 had a great impact on the whole world, the U.S economys growth rate is far below the government target of 3-3.5% annual growth rate. China Growth Rate In China, information on the growth rate of the GDP is produced quarterly by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The table below summarizes Chinas GDP growth rate between 2007 and the first quarter of 2016 as represented by the Trading Economics and information in Chinability.com: Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 % Growth 14.2 9.6 9.2 10.6 9.5 7.7 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.7 Table 1.2: Percentage yearly growth rate From the table above,there is evident that the annual growth rate of the economy of China has been gradually reducing but it remains high and meets the government targets of 6 to 6.5%. Reasons for the Variations in Growth Rates In the United States, the period before 2007 was characterized by low economic growth. This was partly because of the 2000 dot-com bubble burst which led to a sharp drop in economic activities. A further dent to the economy was suffered following the 2001 terrorist attack that has come to be known as 911. These incidents significantly halted major economic activities in the US economy. In a bid to counteract the negative economic effects, the Federal Reserve introduced low-interest rates, an action that has been criticized as a catastrophic move which played a major contributory role in the housing bubble of 2007 which subsequently precipitated into the Great Recession of 2008. This explains the low economic growth rates between 2007 and 2009 from which the US has been progressively recovering. For the case of China, the economic growth is characterized by substantial growth but the annual growth rate has steadily declined. In 2000, due to massive increases in manufacture and consumption rates, massive investment, and increases in export, the economy of China experienced exponential growth rates. In 2002, President Jintaos administration adopted policies that were aimed at bridging the economic gap between the coastal cities which were flourishing from the economic growth and the countryside which had not seen much development. Subsidies were increased while agricultural taxes were reduced and the previous regimes privatization of government assets was also reduced. The government also adopted various favorable monetary policies and by the time the 2008 global financial crisis hit, China managed to sail though with ease especially after the government pumped in finances to help stabilize the economy. In 2012, President Jinpings administration adopted policies that brought about reforms to ensure a sustainable growth model. This mode was a move away from the previous policies that supported economic development at all costs regardless of the impacts. As a result, the economys growth rate has steadily declined although it still grows at relatively high rates compared to the U.S. Having noted the foregoing, this article shall discuss the trade structures, exports, economic policies, fiscal policies, monetary policies, and the exchange rate policies of the two countries which in the long-run have a direct impact on the respective countries growth rate: Trade Structures The US is a leading importer of goods and services and a 2nd leading exporter in the same respect. The US plays a major role in the international markets due to its advocacy for the eradication of trade barriers and adoption of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). The US has managed to negotiate numerous such agreements and is also a World Trade Organization (WTO) member. These provide a market for its products under favorable market terms that foresee the accumulation of profits. Comparably, China is a leading manufacturer due to the governments massive investment programs. Further, in 2001, China became a WTO member. These factors saw the massive trade growth especially in 2001. Trade was, however, impacted in 2008 due to the recession which was characterized by reduced economic activity that affected the output of the manufacturers. Exports The United States mainly exports high-valued goods among other things machinery, airplanes, and motor vehicles. In 2013, goods valued at USD 1.579 Trillion were exported from the US. The country is the leading exporter of services with a record high of USD 622 Billion in 2013. In China, exports mainly include electronics and machinery, and they amounted to USD 2.2 Trillion in 2013. Economic Policy To reverse the effects of the 2008 recession, the US government implemented various regulations to govern the economic and financial activities of the state. There has since been more oversight in the financial sector mainly as governed by the Dodd Frank Act of 2010. In China, the government had adopted policies that allowed integration into the global economy and support for economic activities all costs. These policies brought about severe economic imbalances in addition to environmental degradation. Further, demographic policies have been said to affect the workforce market severely. As a result, the Chinese government in 2013 embarked on economic reforms to promote market-oriented reforms and the development of better fiscal policies. Fiscal Policy Reports have it that the US government spends more than it collects from revenues and thus has been suffering fiscal deficits for several decades. In 2009, due to the aftermaths of the financial crisis, the deficit hit the highs of 9.8% of the GDP but dropped to 4.0% in 2013. Up to 60% of the US governments expenditure is managed by statutes which allocate the money to various entitlement programs while the remainder is discretionarily spent on various government programs and public service with a greater percentage being allocated to defense programs. In China, the government launched fiscal reforms in 1994 to reduce the tax/GDP deficit ratio. The reforms brought about steady increases in revenues which amounted to 22.7% of the GDP in 2013. The new system, however, left local governments few sources of revenue and they were therefore forced to rely heavily on indirect borrowing to finance their activities. By the end of 2013, local governments owed debts of up to USD 3.0 trillion (33% of the GDP). To provide for the need for revenue, amendments to budget laws were passed by Congress allowing direct issuance of bond by the provincial government. Monetary Policy The United States Federal Reserve was mandated to promote maximum employment and price stability. The Federal Reserves policymaking body is charged with keeping an outlook for the US economy and formulating different policy options and governing interest rates. The Federal Reserves funds rate is used by deposit banks as an interest rate between themselves in overnight transactions. This rate helps maintain the reserve balance requirements. For China, the Peoples Bank of China is charged with similar duties as the Federal Reserve. It functions include the formulation and implementation of monetary policy, resolution of economic risks, regulation of exchange rates, and ensuring price stability. Exchange Rate Policy The Treasury Department in the US is mandated to supervise international financial matters. On issues involving foreign exchange, the Treasury is required to make decisions in consultation with the Federal Reserve. However, the US is unlikely to interfere in foreign exchange markets, and the exchange rates are therefore determined by the foreign exchange market and the domestic monetary policies. In China, the Peoples Bank adopts a floating exchange rate which is based on supply and demand with reference to various predetermined currencies. The Yuan id freely convertible under Chinas current account but under the capital account, it is strictly regulated by the Peoples Bank policies. Challenges Faced in Enhancing Growth Rates For the case of China, the country has experienced rapid development which has attracted attention from various quarters. It is thus imperative to understand the countrys path towards the great developments and most importantly the challenges faced in enhancing its growth rates. Morrison (2013) analyzes various challenges which he argues endanger the Chinese economy. In the first instance, he argues that the government is overly involved in industries through its policies and through State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which dominate various sectors. The fact that the SOEs are shielded from competition makes in unfavorable for investment in the sectors that they dominate. Secondly, there is an increase in National debt whereby SOEs receive preferential loan advancements because the government considers them central to economic development. Many at times, the SOEs fail to settle the loans, and this adds to the Banking Systems nonperforming loans which are shouldered by the government. The third challenge is caused by the inefficient financial systems such as the Stock Exchange. Due to government dominance, shareholders in companies have no influence in the companies activities. As a result, they opt for short-run stock price movements whereby money in borrowed to stock. An example of this trend was in 2015 when it was speculated that returns would be high from stocks and therefore a lot was borrowed to buy stocks. There resulted in a stock bubble and thereafter stock indexes significantly plummeted, resulting in a loss that forced the government to intervene by spending about USD 235 billion to stabilize the market. Finally, there are environmental and demographic challenges. The growth model adopted by China focuses heavily on industrial produce which in turn results in high levels of industrial pollution; posing catastrophic health hazards. With regards to demographic challenges, it has been argued that policies such as the one-child policy have impacted the economy negatively. A report by McKinsey Global Institute highligted that Chinas fertility rate fell from 5.8 to 1.6 births per woman between 1964 and 2012. This will affect the size of the workforce that was initially available in China (Woetzel, J et al, 2009). For the case of the United States, the growth rate of its economy has also been subjected to its share of changes that have impacted the growth rate for the past decade. For instance, in 2007, the economy suffered a setback from the recession from which it has since been recovering. The events leading to the recession included a mix of various factors such as lax government policies which made it easy to offer low-interest rates which in turn opened doors to the acquisition of debts, widespread mortgage lending, and excessive risk taking by the financiers. As a result, there was overinvestment in real estate which led to a housing bubble which soon busted leading to a collapse in the economy. To stabilize the economy, the government had to spend over USD 700 billion to stabilize affected corporations and purchasing the affected mortgages. Conclusion From the foregoing; it is notable that the YS economy was worst hit during the 2008 financial crisis. This economy has experienced stagnated growth rates and has failed to meet the government targets of 3% to 3.5%. The economy has been affected by two financial crises: the dot-com crises of 2000 and the housing market crisis of 2007 in addition to the 911 terror attack. The 2007 crisis was an aftermath of efforts aimed to subvert the economic effects of the 2000 crisis by reduction of interest rates. This has in fact been considered one of the major challenges for the economy the past decade. For the case of China, its economy has been significantly growing and meeting the government targets of 6% to 6.5%. However, due to the adoption of reform, policies that focused only on growth have been abandoned, and there is a move towards a consumer-driven economy. As a result, the annual growth rate had steadily declined to 6.7% in 2016 from 14.2% in 2007. 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